الوسم: الأنجليزي

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته ..

# مقدمة :
ان جميع مكونات البيئة في كوكبنا تمارس في نهاية الأمر تأثيرا على صحة البشر ورفاهتهم بيد ان البيئة التي تمارس أكبر تأثير مباشرة على حياة الناس وصحتهم ورفاهتهم هي البيئة المباشرة لبيوتهم وأماكن عملهم والأحياء المجاورة لهم. وتسهم كل من العوامل البيئية والجينية في احداث الأمراض المكتسبة الا ان هناك في معظم الأحيان تفاعلا بين الاثنين.

على الرغم من ان الخلو من الأمراض العضوية يعتبر عادة مطابقا لحالة صحية معقولة كذلك فإن الخلو من الأمراض غير العضوية تكون له عادة اهمية. فالصحة تتطلب عقلا سليما في جسم سليم. ولا يمكن تجاهل الآثار الاجتماعية والاقتصادية لفساد الصحة العقلية في أي مجموعة سكانية. فالصحة العقلية الفاسدة شأنها في ذلك شأن الصحة العضوية التالفة يمكن ان تتسبب عن عوامل جينية أو بيئية أو عن تفاعل بين الاثنين كليهما. وقد ازدادت خلال العقدين الماضيين الشواهد على دور التغيرات البيولوجية الكيميائية في تسبب الأمراض العقلية. وقد تكون بعض هذه الحالات الشاذة البيولوجية الكيميائية موروثة أو مستحدثة بيئيا. وهناك مسببات عضوية معينة لأمراض عقلية ترجع بالتأكيد إلى عوامل بيئية كما هي الحال مع مجموعة حالات الاختلالات النفسية الناجمة عن عوامل معدية مثل داء المثقبيات. كما ان التعرض للمعادن الثقيلة مثل الزئبق أو الرصاص أو المركبات اصطناعية معينة قد يخلق قابلية للإصابة بأورام الدماغ أو بالسلوك الشاذ فعلى سبيل المثال بينت دراسة عن الآثار بعيدة المدى للتعرض لجرعات صغيرة من الرصاص في فترة الطفولة ارتباط هذا التعرض بعجز في وظيفة الجهاز العصبي المركزي يظل ملازما حتى فترة الشباب.

# سوء التغذية :

سوء التغذية هو السبب الأكثر انتشارا في ضعف الصحة ومساهم رئيسي في ارفاع معدل الوفيات لدى الأطفال والصغار في البلدان النامية. فوزن الطفل عند الولادة هو العامل الوحيد الأكثر اهمية الذي يحدد الفرصة المبكرة في البقاء والنمو والتطور الصحيين. ولما كان الوزن عند الولادة تحدد حالة الأم الصحية وحالتها المتعلقة بالتغذية فإن نسبة الأطفال المولودين بأوزان خفيفة (اقل من 2500 غرام) تعكس بدقة الحالة الصحية والاجتماعية للأمهات وللمجتمعات التي يولد فيها الأطفال. ففي المجتمعات التي يكون فيها سوء التغذية مشكلة مزمنة أو اثناد فترات الأغذية أو الضغوط الطبيعية مثل حالات الجفاف المتكررة قلما تجد النساء الحوامل ما يكفيهن من طعام وبذلك يتأثر نحو الجنين. وتعاني قرابة 51 في المائة من النساء الحوامل في العالم من فقر الدم المتعلق بالتغذية (انخفاض مستويات الهيموغلوبين نتيجة لضعف التغذية) وتبلغ نسبتهن في البلدان النامية 59 وهي اعلى كثيرا من النسبة الموجودة في البلدان الصناعية وهي 14 في الماذة. كما ان نحو 22 مليون (أو نحو 16 في المائة) من مجموع الأطفال الذين يولدون كل سنة في العالم والبالغ 140 مليون طفل يكونون خفيفي الوزن عند الولادة. ويولد 20 مليون على الأقل من هؤلاء الرضع في بلدان نامية وأغلبيتهم أكثر من 13 مليونا في جنوب آسيا والبقية في افريقيا وأمريكا اللاتينية وشرق آسيا. وترمي الاستراتيجية العالمية للصحة للجميع التي بدأتها الجمعية العامة للصحة العالمية الى تحقيق هدف مضمونة ان يكون الوزن عند الولادة 2500 غرام على الأقل لـ 90 في المائة من الرضع حديثي الولادة وتحقيق نمو كاف للأطفال وفقا لمقياس أهداف الوزن المناسب بحلول عام 2022 .

يعد سوء التغذية من الزاوية العددية اخطر الأوضاع المؤثرة على صحة الأطفال لا سيما في البلدان النامية. وتبين دراسات استقصائية اجريت في اقاليم مختلفة من العالم انه في أية لحظة يكون هناك ما تقديره 10 ملايين طفل يعانون سوء التغذية الحاد و200 مليون آخرين لا يجدون تغذية كافية. اذ ان سوء التغذية يجعل الطفل أو البالغ اكثر تعرضا للإصابة بالأمراض كما قد تتفاقم الإصابة نتيجة لسوء التغذية. وتعتبر الرضاعة خير حماية للطفل سواء من سوء التغذية أو الاصابة بالأمراض. وقد شهد العقدان الأخيران وعيا متزايدا بأهمية الرضاعة.

غير ان جميع المركبات الكيميائية التي تتناولها الأم ستظهر كلها تقريبا في لبنها في شكل أو آخر. فقد وجد DDT ومشتقاته وغيرها من مبيدات الآفات والكادميوم والرصاص والزئبق في اللبن البشري في عدة بلدان. وقد كشفت دراسات عديدة ان تركيز الـ DDT والـ DDE في اللبن البشري في بعض البلدان اعلى من المعايير المقبول تناولها يوميا ومن حدود المخلفات القصوى التي اقرتها منظمة الصحة العالمية/ منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. بيد انه لم يوجد أي دليل يشير الى ان مستويات الـ DDT والـ DDE الموجودة في اللبن البشري عموما قد الحقت اضرار بالرضع. والواقع ان لبن الأم يكون عادة اقل تلوثا بكثير من بدائله. كما ان المعدلات العالمية للوفيات والاصابة بالأمراض المنتشرة بين الأطفال الذين تمت تغذيتهم اصطناعيا في بلدان نامية كثيرة يمكن ان تعزى الى التحضير غير السليم لمركبات اغذية الأطفال وغيرها من الأغذية وتلوثها. وقد ساعد قبول المدونة الدولية لتسويق بدائل لبن الأم التي وضعتها منظمة الصحة العالمية على دفع الحكومات الى وضع برامج للترويج الأكثر نشاطا للرضاعة. ومع ذلك فعلى الرغم من تزايد شعبية الرضاعة في البلدان الصناعية فإنه لم تحدث زيادة مماثلة في البلدان النامية .

# الأمراض المعدية :

اختلاف الأحوال البيئية لا يحدد فقط الاختلافات الإقليمية في حدوث الأمراض بل يحدد الاختلافات الفصلية كذلك. ففي البلدان النامية تنتشر الأمراض المعدية والطفيلية ومضاعفات الولادة والحمل. وتنتقل بعض الأمراض المعدية بسهولة اكبر اثناء فصل الأمطار. كما ان درجة الحرارة والرطوبة والتربة وأحوال هطول الأمطار والغلاف الجوي هي جميعها عوامل مهمة في أيكولوجية أمراض معدية معينة، لا سيما لكونها تتحكم في توزيع ناقلات الأمراض ووفرتها.

وتتسبب الأمراض المعدية في نسبة كبيرة من الأمراض والوفيات في البلدان النامية حيث يعيش مليارات البشر الذين ما زالا يفتقرون الى احتياجات الحياة الأساسية والمأوى الملائم وسبل الحصول على إمدادات المياه المأمونة والمرافق الصحية ومرافق التخلص من النفايات. ذلك ان تدهور الأوضاع البيئية التي يعيشون في ظلها يضاعف انتشار العوامل المعدية وتوليد مواطن الأمراض وناقلاتها. فالاكتظاظ السكاني يعجل بانتشار السل وأمراض الجهاز التنفسي. كما ان انعدام المرافق الصحية وإمدادات المياه المأمونة يوفر ارضا خصبة لتفشي الأمراض المعدية التي تنقلها المياه والأغذية وكلما زاد عدد الناس المعرضين لمصدر تلوث ما تفاقم خطر الإصابة بالمرض وانتشاره بعد ذلك. ففي منتصف الثمانينات قدر ان 17 مليون شخص منهم 5.10 مليون طفل دون سن الخامسة في البلدان النامية كانوا يموتون كل سنة بالأمراض المعدية والطفيلية، مقابل نحو نصف مليون في البلدان المتقدمة.

على الرغم من ان الاصابات بالكوليرا قد انخفضت في آسيا فقد لقيت طريقها الى القارة الأمريكية وأدت الى زيادة مثيرة في عدد الحالات التي ابلغت الى منظمة الصحة العالمية نحو 25000 حالة في عام 1991. وفي افريقيا كان اجمالي عدد حالات الكوليرا مستقرا تقريبا خلال العقدين الأخيرين. الا انه كانت تحدث بين الفينة والفينة في بلدان مختلفة اصابات محلية بالكوليرا وكانت هذه الاصابات اساسا بسبب تلوث مياه الشرب والأغذية.

لا تزال الملاريا تشكل إحدى اخطر مشاكل الصحة العامة والبيئة في جزء كبير من العالم النامي. وهذا المرض مستوطن في 102 بلدا. ويكون اكثر من نصف سكان العالم مهددين بخطر الاصابة به. ومنذ عام 1980 كان هناك انخفاض عام في عدد حالات الملاريا في افريقيا وجنوب شرق آسيا وغربي المحيط الهادىء الا انه كانت هناك زيادة تدريجية في القارة الأمريكية. ففي عام 1988 كانت هناك 8 ملايين حالة ملاريا في العالم تم ابلاغها الى منظمة الصحة العالمية بيد انه يعتقد ان العدد الاجمالي للحالات هو في حدود 100 مليون . ومن العدد الكلي للحالات التي تم إبلاغها في عام 1988 كانت 39 في المائة منه في افريقيا و32 في المائة في جنوب شرق آسيا. ويعتقد ان 43 في المائة من سكان العالم في منطقة موبوءة بالملاريا. ويقطن نحو 445 مليون نسمة في مناطق موبوءة بالملاريا لا تتخذ فيها اية تدابير محددة لمكافحة انتقالها وحيث لا يزال تفشي الملاريا على حاله من الناحية الفعلية .

لا تزال البلهارسيا احد المخاطر الصحية الكبرى في نحو 76 بلدا ناميا. والبلدان والمناطق التي توجد فيها اعداد كبيرة من الحالات هي البرازيل وافريقيا الوسطى وكمبوديا الديمقراطية ومصر والفلبين. وعموما يقدر ان نحو 200 مليون شخص مصابون بالمرض و600 مليون آخرين معرضون لخطر الاصابة به. وقد ساهم انشاء البحيرات التي من صنع الإنسان وبرك تربية الأسماك ومخططات الري في زيادة الإصابة بالمرض. فعلى سبيل المثال تبين عقب إنشاء سد دياما على نهر السنغال في عام 1986 ان البلهارسيا المعوية قد ازدادت زيادة كبيرة منذ أوائل عام 1986 وبحلول عام 1989 كانت نسبة 71.5 في المائة من العينات التي تم اختيارها عشوائية.

شهد العقد الأخير أولى الحالات التي تم الابلاغ عنها للإصابة بفيروس المناعة البشري ومتلازمة فقدان المناعة المكتسب (الأيدز). ويفتك مرض متلازمة فقدان المناعة المكتسب بالناس من جميع الأعمار ولكنه يشكل خطرا متزايدا بالنسبة للأطفال حديثي الولادة والرضع. وتوجد 1.5 مليون امرأة على الأقل على نطاق العالم – منهن نحو مليون في افريقيا – مصابات بفيروس المناعة البشري. والأطفال الذين يولدون لهؤلاء النساء يتراوح احتمال اصابتهم قبل ولادتهم او اثناءها بين 25 و45 في المائة. ومن المؤكد تقريبا ان يموت هؤلاء الأطفال قبل ان يصلوا الى سن الخامسة. ويقدر ان ما بين 5 و10 ملايين شخص في العالم مصابون بفيروس متلازمة فقد المناعة المكتسب وان نحو 400000 مرضى بمتلازمة فقد المناعة المكتسب. وتفيد التقديرات انه بحلول عام 1991 ستكون قد حدثت اكثر من مليون حالة اصابة بالمرض على حين انه عام 1991 قد يتجاوز العدد التراكمي خمسة ملايين.

# التلوث الكيميائي والصحة :

يتعرض البشر لشتى المواد الكيميائية في أوضاعهم المهنية والمجتمعية. ويتوفر الآن قدر واسع من المعلومات العلمية عن الآثار قصيرة الأجل للتعرض لمستويات عالية من المواد الكيميائية الخطرة. غير انه لا يعرف سوى القليل مما يحدث للأفراد الذين يتعرضون لتركيزات منخفضة للغاية من هذه المواد الكيميائية بعد 20 أو 30 عاما. بيد انه يمكن قياس الاثار المترتبة في أوساط اعداد من السكان من زاوية الأمراض والوفيات أو من زاوية التغيرات الفسيولوجية. كما ان الطفرات الجينية (انتاج خاصيات وراثية جديدة معظمها مضرة) يمكن ان تكون لها ايضا اسباب كيميائية وان تكون دائمة. ويعد السرطان والعيوب الخلقية من ضمن الأخطار على الصحة التي قد تنتج من التعرض الطويل الأمد للمواد السامة. وتحدث العيوب الخلقية بنسبة 2-3 في المائة من جميع حالات الولادة. ومن هذه النسبة تعود 25 في المائة على اسباب جينية على حين تنشأ 5 – 10 في المائية من تأثير اربعة انواع من الاسباب المعروفة: الاشعاع والفيروسات والعقاقير والمواد الكيميائية. وتنشأ النسبة المتبقية وتتراوح بين 65 و70 في المائة عن أسباب غير معروفة. ولكنها قد تأتي من تفاعل عدة عوامل جينية.

يتوقف تأثير التعرض لملوث كيميائي على طول فترة التعرض وشدته ونوع المادة الكيميائية التي يتعرض لها الفرد. وينبغي التمييز بين نوعين رئيسيين من التعرض:

الأول : هو التعرض لمستويات عالية بشكل غير عادي للملوثات مثل حالات الإطلاق العرضي للمواد الكيميائية وحالات التعرض المهني أو في حالة الحوادث البيئية الشاذة مثل حوادث تلوث المياه.

الثاني : هو التعرض للملوثات في البيئة المحيطة بصفة عامة.

ففي حالات التعرض الأولى تكون الاثار واضحة وتتمثل في الوفاة المباشرة والموت قبل الأوان أو زيادة الاصابات بالأمراض. فعلى سبيل المثال تسبب الاطلاق العرضي لميثيل الأيسوسيانات في حادث بوبال في وفيات مبشارة وفي ارتفاع معدل الاصابة بالمرض. وادى تعرض العمال لتركيزات المواد الكيميائية العالية الى أمراض مهنية مختلفة. ومن الأمثلة على آثار مثل هذه الحالات التعرض للتسمم بالرصاص وتغير الرئة (أمراض رئوية يسببها استنشاق الغبار) والتسمم بمبيدات الآفات ومختلف انواع السرطان. وقد قدرت منظمة الصحة العالمية عدد حالات التسمم الحاد غير المقصود نتيجة التعرض لمبيدات الآفات بنصف مليون في عام 1972 وزاد هذا العدد الى مليون في عام 1985 نتيجة لزيادة استخدام مبيدات الآفات. وترجع نسبة 60 – 70 في المائة من هذه الحالات الى التعرض المهني. وتحدث قرابة 20220 حالة وفاة كل عام نتيجة التسمم بمبيدات الآفات. وعلى الرغم من ان امراضا مهنية تقليدية كثيرة تناقصت في البلدان المتقدمة نتيجة تطبيق تدابير وقائية صارمة فإنها تتزايد في عدة بلدان نامية بسبب عدم وجود تدابير تنظيمية لحماية العمال أو عدم تطبيقها (وكذلك انعدام الوعي لدى العمال وعدم تعاونهم). كما ان هناك قلقا متزايد من زيادة الأمراض المهنية في الصناعات (بما في ذلك ورش الصيانة) لا سيما بين الأطفال الذين يشكلون نسبة كبيرة من القوى العاملة. وآثار حوادث الهواء مثل ضباب لندن في عام 1952 موثقة بشكل جيد؛ وكان الأطفال والمسنون لا سيما الذين يعانون من مشاكل في الجهاز التنفسي أو جهاز الدورة الدموية هم الأكثر تأثرا.

ان تقييم الآثار الصحية للتعرض للملوثات الكيميائية في البيئة العامة مهمة صعبة لأن الفرديكون عموما معرضا لعدة ملوثات في وقت واحد. ويشتمل مجموع ما يتعرض له الشخص على استنشاق أو تناول المواد الملوثة من الهواء أو المياه أو الأغذية أو التربة أو امتصاصها بواسطة الجلد. وفي كثير من الحالات فإن أثر أي مادة ملوثة اما يزيد او يقل من خلال التفاعل مع الملوثات الأخرى. فعلى سبيل الثال من المعروف ان الآثار الصحية لثاني أكسيد الكبريت تزداد بوجود أي جسيمات دقيقة. ويزيد تدخين التبغ من حدوث السرطان نتيجة التعرض لغاز الرادون داخل المباني. وقد جرت محاولات عديدة في العقدين الأخيرين لتقدير الآثار الصحية لمجموع ما يتعرض له البشر باستخدام نماذج لحساب التوزيع البيئي للمواد الكيميائية الملوثة وانتقالها ومصيرها والتعرض البشري عبر مختلف الطرق وسمية المواد الكيميائية والعقاقير في البشر. وفي عام 1984 وضعت منظمة الصحة العالمية/ برنامج الأمم المتحدة للبيئة برنامج »مواقع تقييم التعرض البشري« كجزء من »النظام العالمي للرصد البيئي« لمراقبة مجمل التعرض البشري للملوثات. وينتظر ان تساعد النتائج المستخلصة على تمكين البلدان من تقييم الأخطار المجتمعة من ملوثات الهواء والأغذية والمياه واتخاذ إجراءات مناسبة للمحافظة على صحة البشر.

تم التحقق من اسباب وآثار عدة ملوثات مثال ذلك ان الآثار الصحية لأول اكسيد الكربون والأوزون التريوسفيري واكاسيد الكبريت المؤتلفة من المواد الدقيقة والرصاص في الهواء في البيئة المحيطة تعتبر جيدة التوثيق. وقد اثبتت البحوث في العلوم الوبائية في العقدين الأخيرين ان تلوث الهواء داخل المباني قد يؤدي الى زيادة الاصابة بالسرطان نتيجة التعرض لغاز الرادون ودخان التبغ وفي المناطق الريفية في البلدان النامية قد يؤدي الى زيادة أمراض الجهاز التنفسي والسرطان نتيجة للتعرض للانبعاثات من وقود الكتلة الحيوية. وقد اصبحت زيادة النترات في المياه الجوفية مصدر قلق في بلدان كثيرة. فالنترات تشكل خطرا صحيا لا سيما للأطفال وقد كانت منظمة الصحة العالمية وبرنامج الأمم المتحدة للبيئة ومنظمة العمل الدولية تعمل منذ أوائل السبعينات لوضع معايير صحية لمختلف الملوثات.

هناك اتفاق عام الآن على ان نحو 85 في المائة تقريبا من جميع حالات السرطان تنتج من عوامل بيئية عريضة مثل الشعاع المؤين والمواد الكيميائية المسببة للسرطان في الهواء والأغذية والدخان والكحول والعقاقير (العوامل الكيميائية الدولية). ويفترض ان يكون للبقية اساس وراثي أو أن تكون ناشئة من حوادث تفاعلات حيوية عفوية. وعلى الرغم من ان النسبة المئوية للوفيات بسبب السرطان اعلى في البلدان المتقدمة منها في البلدان النامية فإن الاصابة بالسرطان في بلدان كلتا المجموعتين متماثلة بوجه عام. بيد انه توجد اختلافات في الاصابة بمختلف انواع السرطان. واهم سبب لسرطان الرئة هو التدخين للتبغ بما في ذلك التدخين السلبي. وعلى الرغم من هذه الحقيقة فإن استعمال التبغ في العالم قد زاد بقرابة 75 في المائة على امتداد العقدين الماضيين كما ازداد التدخين زيادة ملحوظة في أوساط الشباب.

# الاستجابات :

تتعلق الاستجابات المختلفة التي تم ايجازها في الفصول السابقة سواء بصورة مباشرة أو غير مباشرة بتحسين الصحة البشرية وبالحد من المخاطر الصحية المرتبطة لمختلف انواع الملوثات. وتتمثل حقيقة ان الوقاية خير من العلاج في الانجازات التي تحققت، ورغم ان الأهداف الأصلية للعقد الدولي للإمداد بالمياه والمرافق الصحية لم تتحقق حتى عام 1990 فإن العقد قد زود مئات الملايين من الناس بمياه الشرب المأمونة والمرافق الصحية . وقد ساعد ذلك بدرجة كبيرة على تحسين الأوضاع الصحية في المناطق التي زودت بتلك المرافق. كما ان الاجراءات المتخذة من الانبعاثات الهوائية ولحماية طبقة الأوزون تعتبر مثالا آخرا للتدابير الوقائية. غير ان ما زال هناك طريق طويل ينبغي ان يقطع لتقليل المخاطر الصحية الناجمة عن تلوث البيئة وتدهورها. والحاجة ماسة لإجراء كثير من البحوث لتفسير اسباب التعرض البشري الكلي آثاره لوضع مبادىء توجيهية عملية لحماية الصحة البشرية. كما ان هناك الكثير الذي ينبغي عمله لتقليل الاصابة بالأمراض الوبائية في البلدان النامية.

تم في العقدين الماضيين التحكم في بعض الأمراض المعدية. فقد تم القضاء تماما على الجدري. كما ان الاصابة بالعمى النهري قد خفضت انخفاضا حادا في غرب افريقيا. وقد ساعدت الزيادة في استخدام المعالجة بالاماهة عن طريق الفم من تقليل وفيات الأطفال دون سن الخامسة نتيجة لأمراض الإسهال. وفي عام 1985 تمت معالجة نحو 18 في المائة من الأطفال بالإماهة عن طريق الفم؛ وفي عام 1988 وصلت نسبة هؤلاء الأطفال الى 25 في المائة (منظمة الأمم المتحدة لرعاية الطفولة، 1991). وساعد هذا على انقاذ حياة نحو مليون طفل كل سنة (Hirshhorn and Greenough 1991). وعن طريق التحصين انخفضت أمراض الأطفال الستة التي يمكن الوقاية منها باللقاحات (وهي التهاب النخاع السنجابي والتيتالوس والحصبة والدفتيريا والشاهوق والسل). وفي السبعينات كانت هذه الأمراض تفتك بحوالي 50 مليون طفل سنويا وفي الثمانينات انخفض هذا الكم الى 3 ملايين في السنة وهو يواصل الانخفاض عن طريق البرنامج الموسع للتحصين.

بالأنجليزي ..

# Introduction:
All components of the environment on our planet exert eventually impact on human health and well-being of the environment, however, that exercised the greatest direct impact on people’s lives, health and well-being is the immediate environment of their homes, workplaces and neighborhoods surrounding them. And contribute to all of the environmental factors and genetic disease events acquired, but there is often interaction between the two.

Although the absence of disease is usually ended in conformity with the reasonable health, as well as the absence of disease but have usually ended importance. Good health requires a healthy mind in a healthy body. Can not ignore the social and economic impacts of the corruption of mental health in any population group. Mental health is corrupt, like the organic health damaged can cause genetic factors, environmental or from the interaction between the two both. Has increased over the past two decades, evidence on the role of biochemical changes in the disease-causing substances. May be some of these biochemical anomalies inherited or environmentally innovative. There are certain organic causes of mental illness certainly due to environmental factors, as is the case with a group of psychiatric disorders caused by infectious agents such as trypanosomiasis. As exposure to heavy ****ls such as mercury, lead or vehicle artificial certain could create a susceptibility to brain tumors or conduct anomalous For example, A study on the long-term effects of exposure to small doses of lead in childhood is a link that exposure deficit in the function of the central nervous system remains an inherent Even the young people.

# Of malnutrition:

Malnutrition is the most prevalent in poor health and a major contributor to Arvaa mortality rate among children and young people in developing countries. Weigh the child at birth is the single most important factor which determines the early opportunity to survival and healthy growth and development. Since the weight at birth determine the mother’s condition and health status related to nutrition, the proportion of children born light weights (less than 2500 grams) accurately reflect the state of health and social mothers and the communities in which they are born children. In communities where malnutrition is a chronic problem or Atnad periods of food or natural pressures such as recurrent droughts rarely find what pregnant women eat and not sufficiently so to be affected by the fetus. Suffer nearly 51 per cent of pregnant women in the world of nutrition anemia (low hemoglobin levels due to poor nutrition) The proportion of women in developing countries, 59 are significantly higher than in industrialized countries is 14 per Almazp. Also, about 22 million (or about 16 per cent) of all children born each year in the world and over 140 million children are Khvivi weight at birth. Generates at least 20 million of those babies in developing countries and the majority of more than 13 million in South Asia and the rest in Africa and Latin America and East Asia. The aim of the Global Strategy for health for all initiated by the General Assembly of the World Health Assembly to achieve the goal is guaranteed to be a birth weight 2500 grams for at least 90 per cent of newborn infants and to achieve adequate growth of children, according to the measure of the objectives of the appropriate weight by the year 2022.

Malnutrition from the standpoint of numerical dangerous conditions affecting the health of children, particularly in developing countries. The show surveys conducted in different regions of the world that at any moment there is an estimated 10 million children suffer from acute malnutrition and 200 million people do not have adequate nutrition. Since malnutrition makes children more vulnerable or of the disease may also worsen injury due to malnutrition. The breast is better to protect the child, either from malnutrition or disease. The last two decades have witnessed a growing awareness of the importance of breastfeeding.

However, all chemical compounds taken by the mother will appear in almost all the milk in one form or another. Were found to DDT and its derivatives and other pesticides, cadmium, lead and mercury in human milk in several countries. Several studies have revealed the concentration of DDT and the DDE in human milk in some countries, the highest of standards acceptable to daily and maximum residue limits approved by the World Health Organization / Food and Agriculture Organization. However, there was no evidence to suggest that levels of DDT Wal DDE in human milk generally has caused damage to babies. The fact is that breast milk is usually less polluted than the alternatives. Also, global rates of mortality and morbidity among children who are fed artificially in many developing countries can be attributed to improper preparation of the compounds of baby food and other food and contamination. Has helped to accept the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes by the World Health Organization to push governments to develop programs to promote the most active of breastfeeding. Yet, despite the growing popularity of breastfeeding in the industrialized countries there have been no similar increase in developing countries.

# Infectious Diseases:

Different environmental conditions not only provides regional differences in the incidence of disease, but identifies seasonal differences as well. In developing countries, spread infectious and parasitic diseases and complications of childbirth and pregnancy. And some infectious diseases transmitted more easily during the rainy season. As the temperature, humidity, soil and rainfall conditions and atmosphere are all important factors in certain contagious diseases ecological, particularly as they control the distribution and abundance of disease vectors.

And cause infectious diseases in a large proportion of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, where billions of people who still lack the basic necessities of life, adequate shelter and access to safe water supply, sanitation and waste disposal facilities. So that the deterioration of environmental conditions in which they live double spread of infectious diseases and the generation of citizens and their delivery vehicles. Overcrowding population accelerates the spread of tuberculosis and respiratory diseases. The lack of sanitation and safe water supply provides fertile ground for outbreaks of communicable diseases transmitted by water, food and more people are exposed to the source of pollution increase the risk of infection and spread thereafter. In the middle of the eighties is estimated that 17 million people, including 5.1 million children under age five in developing countries who die each year of infectious and parasitic diseases, compared with about half a million in developed countries.

Although cholera infections has fallen in Asia, they had been en route to the continent of America and led to a dramatic increase in the number of cases reported to WHO, about 25000 cases in 1991. In Africa, the total number of cholera cases almost constant over the last two decades. But he was speaking from time to time and from time to time in different countries, local cholera and injuries, these injuries were mainly due to contamination of drinking water and food.

Malaria continues to be one of the most serious problems of public health and the environment in much of the developing world. This disease is endemic in 102 countries. And be more than half the world’s population are threatened by the risk of injury. Since 1980, there was a general decline in the number of malaria cases in Africa and South East Asia and Western Pacific, but there was a gradual increase in the American continent. In 1988, there are 8 million cases of malaria in the world has been reported to the World Health Organization, however, he believed that the total number of cases is in the range of 100 million. The total number of cases that were reported in 1988 was 39 per cent of it in Africa and 32 per cent in South-East Asia. It is believed that 43 per cent of the world population in malaria-endemic area. And inhabited by about 445 million people in malaria-endemic areas where the state does not take specific measures to combat transmission and where malaria remains unchanged in real terms.

Schistosomiasis is still one of the major health risks in some 76 developing countries. Countries and regions where there are large numbers of cases are Brazil, Cambodia, Central African democracy and Egypt and the Philippines. In general, estimated that about 200 million people are infected with the disease and 600 million others are at risk. The creation of lakes and man-made fish ponds and irrigation schemes to increase the incidence of the disease. For example, show Dyadma after construction of a dam on the River Senegal in 1986, said: Intestinal schistosomiasis has increased significantly since early 1986 and by 1989 the rate was 71.5 per cent of the samples were selected at random.

Last decade has seen the first cases have been reported to be infected with human immunodeficiency and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). And decimating the syndrome of AIDS to people of all ages, but poses an increased risk for newborns and infants. There are 1.5 million women at least at the world-wide – about one million of them in Africa – are infected with human immunodeficiency. Children born to such women ranges likely to suffer before birth or during between 25 and 45 per cent. It is almost certain that these children die before they reach the age of five. It is estimated that between 5 and 10 million people worldwide are infected with AIDS have AIDS and about 400000 patients had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is estimated that by 1991 there would have been more than a million cases of disease, while in 1991 it may exceed the cumulative number of five million.

# Chemical pollution and health:

Humans exposed to various chemicals in their professional and community organizations. There is now a wide measure of scientific information on the effects of short-term exposure to high levels of hazardous chemicals. However, little is known of what is happening to individuals who are exposed to very low concentrations of these chemicals after 20 or 30 years. However, it can measure the impact among the numbers of the population in terms of morbidity and mortality or in terms of physiological changes. Also, genetic mutations (producing new genetic characteristics of most harmful) can also have chemical causes, and be permanent. The cancer and birth defects among the risks to health that may result from long-term exposure to toxic substances. He spoke of birth defects is 2-3 per cent of all births. Of this percentage 25 per cent return on the causes of genetic arise while 5-10 of water in the impact of four types of known causes: radiation, viruses, drugs and chemicals. Arise and the rest ranging between 65 and 70 per cent for unknown reasons. But it may come from the interaction of several genetic factors.

The impact of exposure to contaminated with a chemical on the length of exposure and the intensity and type of chemical to which the individual. Should distinguish between two main types of exposure:

First: the exposure to high levels of pollutants unusual cases such as accidental release of chemicals and occupational exposures or in the case of environmental accidents, such as anomalous water pollution accidents.

II: is the exposure to pollutants in the environment in general.

In the first exposure the effects are clear and death is the direct and premature death or increased incidences of diseases. For example, caused the accidental release of methyl Aloisosianat accident in Bhopal in Mbasharp mortality in the high incidence of the disease. The resulting exposure of workers to high concentrations of chemicals to various occupational diseases. Examples of such cases, the effects of exposure to lead poisoning and changes in the lung (lung disease caused by inhalation of dust), and pesticide poisoning and various types of cancer. The World Health Organization estimated the number of accidental acute poisoning due to exposure to pesticides at half a million in 1972 and this number has increased to one million in 1985 due to increased use of pesticides. That returns the percentage of 60-70 per cent of these cases to occupational exposure. And there are nearly 20220 deaths each year due to pesticide poisoning. In spite of the many traditional occupational diseases have decreased in developed countries as a result of the application of strict preventive measures, it is increasing in several developing countries due to lack of regulatory measures to protect workers or the lack thereof (as well as lack of awareness among workers, and lack of cooperation). There is also increasingly concerned to increase the occupational diseases in industry (including maintenance workshops), especially among children, who make up a large proportion of the workforce. And the effects of air accidents, such as the fog of London in 1952 are well ********ed; The children and the elderly, particularly those who suffer from respiratory problems or the circulatory system are the most affected.

To assess the health effects of exposure to chemical contaminants in the environment with the task is difficult because Alferdikon generally exposed to several pollutants at one time. And the total for the suffering of the person to inhale or eat contaminated material from the air or water or food, soil, or absorbed through the skin. In many cases, the impact of any material contaminated with either more or less through interaction with other pollutants. For I known that the health effects of sulfur dioxide increased the presence of any fine particles. And tobacco smoking increases the incidence of cancer from exposure to radon gas inside buildings. There have been several attempts in the last two decades to assess the health effects of the total human population is exposed using models for the distribution of environmental pollutant chemicals, transport, and fate and human exposure through different routes and toxicity of chemicals and drugs in humans. In 1984, WHO has developed a Programme / United Nations Environment Programme »human exposure assessment sites« part of »the global system of environmental monitoring« to monitor the overall human exposure to pollutants. It is expected that the findings will help to enable countries to assess the risks of combined air pollutants and food and water and take appropriate action to preserve the health of human beings.

Was to investigate the causes and effects of several pollutants, for example, that the health effects of carbon monoxide, ozone and sulfur oxides Altriosviri combinations of particulate matter and lead in the air in the surrounding environment is well ********ed. Research has proven in science epidemic in the last two decades that indoor air pollution may lead to an increased incidence of cancer due to exposure to radon and tobacco smoke in rural areas in developing countries may lead to increased respiratory diseases and cancer as a result of exposure to emissions from biomass fuels. Has become increasing nitrate in groundwater is a concern in many countries. Valentrut constitute a health hazard especially for children has been the World Health Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme and the International Labour Organization has been working in the early seventies to establish health standards for various pollutants.

There is now general agreement that about 85 per cent of all cancer cases result from environmental factors such as the broad beam of ionizing and chemicals that cause cancer in the air, food, tobacco, alcohol and drugs (chemical agents, international). And is supposed to be for the rest of the genetic basis or that have arisen from the interactions of dynamic spontaneous incidents. Although the percentage of deaths due to cancer, the highest in developed countries than in developing countries, cancer in the countries of both groups are similar in general. However, there were differences in the pathogenesis of various types of cancer. The most important cause of lung cancer is smoking tobacco, including passive smoking. Despite this fact, the use of tobacco in the world has increased by nearly 75 per cent over the past two decades also increased a marked increase in smoking among young people.

# Responses:

Related to different responses that are summarized in the preceding chapters, either directly or indirectly to improving human health and the reduction of health risks associated with the various types of pollutants. The fact that prevention is better than treatment in what has been achieved, although the original objectives of the International Decade of the water supply and sanitation have not been realized until the year 1990, the contract has provided hundreds of millions of people with safe drinking water and sanitation. This has helped significantly to improve the health conditions in areas that provided such facilities. Also that the measures taken by the air emissions and to protect the ozone layer is another example of preventive measures. However, there is still a long way to go to reduce the health risks from environmental pollution and degradation. An urgent need for more research to explain why the overall effects of human exposure to develop practical guidelines to protect human health. There’s also plenty to be done to reduce the incidence of diseases epidemic in developing countries.

Been in the past two decades, control of certain infectious diseases. Has been totally eradicated smallpox. And the incidence of river blindness have been reduced sharply lower in West Africa. Has helped increase in the use of treatment for oral rehydration to reduce the mortality of children under the age of five due to diarrheal diseases. In 1985 it was processed about 18 per cent of children through oral rehydration; In 1988, the percentage of these children to 25 per cent (United Nations Children’s Fund, 1991). This helped save the lives of nearly one million children each year (Hirshhorn and Greenough 1991). Through the pediatric immunization decreased the six vaccine preventable (ie poliomyelitis, and Altetalos, measles, diphtheria, pertussis, tuberculosis). In the seventies these diseases kill about 50 million children a year In the eighties, this amount dropped to 3 million per year, which continues to decline through the Expanded Programme on Immunization.

م/ن

angry: غاضب
"She was angry with her boss for criticising her work."
"He made her very angry."

appalled =مصدوم
very shocked: "The staff were appalled to hear that they would all lose their jobs."

ashamed: خجلان
"How could you say such a thing? You should be ashamed of yourself!"

at the end of your tether = متضايق تماما
completely fed up: "The children have been misbehaving all day – I’m at the end of my tether."

bewildered = مرتبك
very confused: "He was bewildered by the choice and range of computers in the shop, and didn’t know which one to buy."

betrayed = خائن للثقة
when your trust in someone is destroyed by what they do or say: "He betrayed my trust when he repeated my secret to everyone."

confused: ملخبط
"I’m sorry I forgot your birthday – I was confused about the dates."

confident = واثق من قدراته
sure of your abilities: "I’m confident that we can find a solution to this problem."

cheated = غششت خدعت
when you don’t get something that you think you deserve: "Of course I feel cheated – I should have won that competition."

depressed = محبط
very sad: "After he failed his English exam, he was depressed for a week."

delighted = مسرور
very happy: "I’m delighted that I got the job. It’s just what I always wanted."

down in the dumps = مكتئب
sad and fed up: "What’s the matter with him? He’s so down in the dumps these days."

disappointed: خاب أمله
"She was disappointed by her son’s poor results at school."

emotional = متهيج العاطفة
you have strong feelings (happy or sad) and you cry: "After the operation was over and he knew that he was healthy again, he became quite emotional."

envious = حسود
when you want something that someone else has: "I’m very envious of her happiness – I wish I was happy too."

embarrassed = خجلان
slightly ashamed: "I felt so embarrassed about what I said, that my face went bright red."

frightened: خائف
"As a child she was frightened by the dark."

great = عظيم
Allah IS GREAT
very good: "I feel great today!"

happy: سعيد
"She was happy to hear the good news."

irritated = annoyed: متضايق
"I get so irritated when he changes TV channels without asking me first."

السلام عليكم ورحمته الله وبركاته

كيف الحال يااعضاء

اتمنا لكم الصحة ودواام العافية

حبيت اطلب منكم طلب

وانشالله تلبو لي

ابغي بوربوينت لمادة الانجليزي

عن اي حيوان
مثلا دولفين … دب الكوالا

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Definition

Dog pet known to mankind since time immemorial. Animals that differ greatly in size, shape and benefits. May not exists on this earth mammal, which differs in size, shape, color, and qualities, just as the dogs. And there are worldwide more than 400 strain, and this number increases day after day people continue to develop new strains, for use in exhibitions and competitions, sports and guard houses and acts of war, police and many other actions are difficult to count. And the dog more animals love and loyalty to man.

Biological classification

Member of the dog Canis familiaris, to the Division Chordata subphylum vertebrates range mammals carnivore canines, which includes fox and the wolf, jackal, but the genus and the type of dog.

About Us

Scientists is likely that dogs were domesticated long ago at least ten thousand years, and that was in the north of Iran and some researchers believe they descended from the Asian wolf, when the man kept the Stone Age, Qin wolves and reared me. Soon the passage of generations that grew up Astwnst their dogs, which resemble their predecessors in terms of power and physical structure, and teeth. While scholars assert Aliithologia (behavior) that the origins of the current dogs due to a kind of wild dogs, disappeared long ago from the surface of the globe.

The fossils found in Siberia indicate the presence of animals like dogs in the company of rights, since more than sixty thousand years. There are other indications of the existence of domesticated dogs in large areas, ranging from Scotland, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland to the Middle East at the time of the Neolithic period, which began nearly 9000 years BC. In Switzerland, emphasized the impact analysis, going back to 8000 years BC, that the types of dogs may differ in size and shape of what is currently known. Studies show that the acquisition of small dogs in homes are usually very old.

Dogs are different lengths and weights, sizes and shapes vary dramatically, depending on strains of more than 400 descendants spread all over the world. This number is increasing day after day, as devise new strains with different capabilities and talents.

The West has defined many of the breeds through the mating rated. Vahjnt hundreds of strains, each strain of their own capabilities and physical characteristics. Featuring some of the attributes of its own. For example, Zhao Alchao his tongue black, and Mexican bare no hair has only a small area at the top of his head. And cover the body Aharie coarse texture, but their young Vicu loose skin so it looks very wide for the dog’s body. While the Baznge, originating Africa, is the only dog who can not bark.

Dogs and the Pharaohs

Reflect the effects of the inscriptions on the Egyptian Pharaohs dogs attention and respect it. According to these charges to the presence of pure strains, such as the Whippet, which confirms the existence of strains of interest is not mixed or hybrid. The Pharaohs also used dogs to hunt antelope and other prey, as well as in custody but in the war. And dog is one of the oldest Pharaonic breeds of dogs in the world, has found that dogs on the quasi-walls of the tomb Pharaoh Ulad II, which dates back to 2300 BC. M. In the sixteenth century BC, the Phoenicians brought the dog Fronia to the island of Malta, has been settled until modern times.

The dogs Pharaonic smooth height of 53 to 70 cm, and weighs from 15 to 23 kg. Short flat fur shiny brown Thumper yellowing, or red Gan. It was her toes in white foot and white graphic on the chest, such as stars, and tip of its tail like a whip white color as well. And many of them have a white line above the middle of the face.

And browns color when agitated dogs Pharaonic, that is, her nose and ears Almentsptin change to dark pink color, note that the color of their eyes like the color of amber. Dogs have been known Pharaonic strongly senses of smell and sight-fishing, it moves at the speed and agility also Edtha strong.

Domestic dog

Dogs are used in many purposes, and the purpose of each group of breeds suitable for efficiency purpose to be achieved. There are guard dogs, which are characterized by loyalty, intelligence, vigilance and ability to ensure, and not eating any food or drink from strangers, regardless of the degree of starvation or thirst. It is also easy training, and has a loud voice to warn the owners to any outsider.

There are also breeds of dogs of war, which is characterized by atrophic body, and high speed, and the ability to jump and attack and knowledge of objectives, enemies and discrimination, and speed of performance without the voice call issued by the enemy to its existence.

The dog show, which involved in exhibitions, are characterized by small scale, and the beauty of composition, and paper and the accuracy of their bodies, and soft voices. This species is beauty, walk in Fteraha Dalal, and moving in the softness and lightness.

Dogs are considered, which leads the blind, of miracles, which are expensive, a descendant of Labrador, and aware of their duties after training for 3 months only. And know the roads and traffic signals and pedestrian crossing places and housing owners, but is defined shopping areas. The strangest thing is they know the numbers riding the bus owners, do not jump Fteraha only in the vehicle that the owner wants, and leave in the place to be fully blessed be God’s best creation.

There are domestic dogs, which accompany the family members and know their friends and their guests, as you know their enemies or strangers, are attacked. They also are trained to eliminate their need for outside the home.

The dogs, they have the ability of smell more than other dogs, and has a great ability to distinguish between smells, when they smell the impact of a person they can Taattbah several kilometers, and can detect the smell of drugs regardless of the accuracy of hiding. Shall be taken, including his head of these dogs as evidence in justice, the trial of smugglers or murderers and butchers.

The herding dogs of the most important factors helping to grazing sheep, in the country with vast pastures. They are guarding the sheep from predators and prey and thieves, as they gather in areas determined by the Sponsors during the day, and led to the outdoors at sunset or snow. And often find these dogs if the sheep places covered snow, is being saved before they spend.

One of the strangest kind of dog breeds Labrador, save the shipwrecked and help them to reach safety, which swim and float on the water, including its thick fur prevents them cold, and ready to perform its task well.

There are many stories about the heroism displayed by the dogs, some of them won awards and held by others Thalidam statues, some dogs burst into flames to save the young children, some of whom attacked the killing poisonous snakes, and were saved its owner from certain death.

In Western society, dogs are used sometimes in medicine are engaged thousands of dogs in experiments every year, that way the dogs helped scientists develop drugs useful, and methods of surgical, but some people think it is cruel to use dogs, like other animals, in laboratory experiments.

Are pure breeds of dogs in six main groups are:

1. Hounds (Alhaond) Hound

2. Terrier Terrier

3. Working dogs Working Dogs

4. Hunting dogs Gun Dogs

5. Utility dogs Utility Dogs

6. Show dogs or dogs dolls Toy Dogs

1. Alhaond Hound

Are hunting dogs for hunting small prey such as rabbits, foxes and Ahawadn are either working individually or in groups of horsemen.

This strain not only acquired for hunting and once trained to become tame is the owner during fishing. In her daily life, she prefers the company of dogs from the company of its kind on the poster. When out fishing, they recognize the prey Braianha or her voice can go a distance of 100 km per day. The most famous types Alhaond are:

A. Dachund Dachshund

Including 6 strains differ from each other in color and texture of hair. This breed originated in Germany and educated to hunt Zubzb Badger, allowing cylindrical body of the dog to enter the galleries Zubzb, and facilitate a strong claws digging process. It is still used in Germany for hunting. It should be noted that the word Dac Dachs in German means Badger Badger, and the word Hund Hund means dog.

The Aldachund standard-haired soft Standard Smooth Haired Dachshund, the oldest types of this strain. Domestic animals is a good guard dog is excellent. There are several colors of it except white. The most common colors are red, black and chocolate brown color, shine and is characterized by an extremely attractive, and weighs about 12 kg.

– Aldachund small soft-haired Miniature Smooth Haired Dachshund, similar to the base type, but it is small in size and weighs about 5 kg.

– Aldachund standard long-haired Standard Long Haired Dachshund, with a fine hair shiny Mtahedl on the body, long ears and bottom of the tail. And needs fur sweeps to remain a good-looking, given the length of the hair between the fingers, it needs to be durable and shaving only hindering the movement of the dog. It can be trained to swim and weighs about 12 kg.

– Aldachund small long-haired Miniature Long Haired Dachshund.

– Aldachund wire-haired coarse Wire Haired Dachshund breed originated in Germany in the eighteenth century, and there are different sizes usual or standard size and weighs 11.5 kg, and small and weighs about 5 kg. This strain is characterized by its members that the thick fur short coarse hair, thick eyebrows, and beard distinguish them from other breeds. It must be haircut twice a year.

B. Afghan Afghan

Is the most popular species, and is used in hunting deer and elk because of his great speed. Fur and beautiful making it one of the most beautiful dogs for exhibitions and beauty contests. And weighs about 30 kg, with a height of 75 cm.

C. Bigil Beagle

Alhaond strains common in Britain and the United States of America was known in Britain since the reign of Henry VII of dog hunting dogs hares. And furs of this type of dogs short and soft, and color of a mixture of all colors known. And weighing up to 14 kg, and height to 38 cm, which is a nervous mood.

2. Terrier Terriers

This name is derived from the Latin Terra, meaning earth. These dogs have been used principally to control mice and rats and foxes, as well as in some sports such as fishing, hunting bears, wild buffalo, and hunting foxes and rabbits. An intelligent dog Nabih motivated active and strong, but difficult training compared to other strains. Their young and needs a special method to deal, especially in the first months of life. The most famous types of the following:

A. West Highland White West Highland White

Of the best breeds of dogs Alterrier. The breed originated about 100 years ago, when some puppies born white in the progeny of another strain Terrier is Karen, and there was no welcome in this white race, some of them even get rid of him at birth, but soon formed an independent dynasty.

It is characterized by coarse hair type, which needs to be less favorable as the hair does not retain the least dirty, and ask, comb. It also features a thick tail and a long body with strong muscles and reach the height of the body to 28 cm and weighs 5 kg.

B. Stafford Shire Bull Staffordshire Bull

Strain is descended from another strain, was used in dog fighting competitions. Has defined this kind in the United States since 1870, but not recognized in Britain before 1930. Is violent with other dogs, but very smooth with the rights, especially children. The color varies from brown to black or blue or red or white, or a combination of any of these colors all with white. This dog is as high as 40 cm and weighs about 17 kg.

C. English English Bull Taurus

This strain originated from hybridization Alboldug Bulldog, with Alterrier, in the nineteenth century. The most common colors are white, or white with color on the head, or black.

There is no limit to the size or weight of this type, but usually weight up to 20 kg, and the type small it reached a height of 35 cm, and weighs less than 9 kg.

D. Aliirdel Airdale

Size larger breeds, called the "king of dogs Alterrier." The name indicates its affiliation with the area Iirdel, in the territory of Yorkshire. Have been trained on the old police work, and deer hunting, but now is used a good guard dog and his companion depends on it. It is characterized by coarse-haired dog, the color black, or dark gray. And up to 60 cm tall, and weighs to 22 kg.

E. Karen Cairn

This strain originated in the islands near Scotland, where it was used for hunting foxes and beavers. It is characterized by the kind of dogs Pferaih coarse, and there it white, the colors of many other. Height of up to 25 cm, and weighs 7 kg.

And. Dog Border Border

Called the name of the dog the border, because it descended from the English-Scottish border, where he was bred to hunt foxes from dens. It is not a fierce tempers, such as some other species, despite the natural ability to hunt and murder.

This dog fur and a short rough, needs to be less favorable, and the color red or gray, and weighing up to 7 kg.

G. Scottish Terrier Scottie
Like a Scottish Terrier dog the border in its inception, the Scottish English border, and was used for hundreds of years in the sport. A fierce dog with other dogs of the same type. The most common color is black, or gray, or planned beur. The height of this dog up to 25 cm, and weighs 10 kg.

3. Working dogs Working Dogs

Is a group comprising strains famous in the world of dogs, vary in size, weight and mood. Including what is good for grazing or for the purposes of custody.

As a general rule, the herding dogs are easy training for intelligence, but they do not obey only the person who is only making it difficult to transfer ownership of or accustomed to a different flock. The guard dogs Fbtiip education, but is becoming fiercer by the increased growth. It is often large and need to yards wide, and fit her small house. And types of working dogs are

A. German herding dog (Alsatian) German Shepherd

This type originated in Germany since about 100 years, and descended from herding dogs. And is used widely as a dog police, and therefore called by some the title of the German police dog. It also uses a companion to guide the blind. A highly intelligent dog, but does not accept ill-treatment has a full head of hair is short, like a wolf in form and way of walking and multi-colors (except white). Mentsbtan with ears, snout and long and high, and up to 65 cm tall, and weighs to 38 kg.

B. Belgian herding dog Belgian Shepherd

General name for four types of dogs: the Gronendael Ikenues and Malenois and Terverin. A medium sized dogs, a consistent format, raised primarily for the protection of sheep, but is commonly used now in custody Assembly. The height of the dog from the 55 65 cm tall at the shoulder and weighs about 28 kg.

Jeronendael known in America on behalf of the Belgian herding dog, with long hair heavy, black and feel soft. Alterverin differs from the color of his hair Jeronendael only, which can be red or brown or gray, with shades of black and black face. The Almalenois, also known as the Melanesian herding dog, is like herding dogs, German small. This kind of dog is the only Belgian herding dogs with short hair, and have a color, usually a mixture of gray and brown, with shades of black and black face.

Allikenwis and a dog with a dry coarse hair-like wire in texture, but not curly;, color mix of brown reddish gray, with shades of black, especially on the face and tail. The rare species outside of Belgium.

C. Cooley Rough Collei

Of the famous Scottish working dogs, one of the strains currently circulating. It is also used a dog guide, which is of the form of a beautiful long hair, the color black or tri-colored, all mixed with white. Height of up to 60 centimeters, and weighs to 30 kg.

D. Doberman Dobermann

Created this kind of dogs in Germany, a dog is ideal for military and police work, short hair, and black or yellowish brown. Up to 70 cm high and weighing almost 37 kg.

E. Boxer Boxer

Grew up in Germany for more than 100 years, then moved to England at the beginning of this century, but did not become known until after World War II, when used in the work of the police in Germany have short hair shiny, colorful Light Brown with some white markings and black mask. And up to 60 cm tall, and weighs to 30 kg.

And. Dog grazing Intlndy Shetland Sheepdog
This dog is a smaller version of a dog Cooley, one of the Shetland Islands, which derives its name from them. Pferaih characterized by long and dark black color, and may be three colors, and is rarely black and brown or black and white. A dog with good temperament, good-ten, and is a good dog home, and reached a height of 35 cm, and weight to 9 kg.

G. Rotefilr Rottweiler
.
Brought hunting dogs (dogs Aldrakp)
Gum Dogs – Retrievers

The hunting dogs brought months groups at all. Which dogs are trained to bring the fishermen fall ill from wild birds and water birds. An upscale dog foul, swim, and is characterized by strong sense of smell, and obedience to the hunter, and speed training and ease of learning, and not fear of gunfire.

There are several species of this type the most important (Labrador Labrador, The Golden Dog Golden), and dogs Spainl Spaniels, Cocker and Springer and Cocker & Springer, and dogs Spitzer English, Irish, English & Irish Setters.

Has some of these breeds have become extinct, or on the verge of extinction, as a result of the disappearance of the sport.

A. Labrador Labrador
Hounds of the famous but now has other functions, such as business crime and drug discovery and lead the blind. This type of dogs, short hair shiny wet-resistant, and can resist the cold and rain efficiently. The most common colors are black or yellow, although there are other colors like the color of chocolate. The height of 56 cm, and weight ranging between 2734 kg.

B. Golden Dog (Golden Rtrevr) Golden Retriever

Uses this type of dogs also in the leadership of the blind, which is quiet by nature a sensitive foul excellent. It is believed that this strain have arisen as a result of hybridization number of strains, and Alispaniel Alcetr Irish. It covers his body long hair crispy, golden brown or cream color, and rising up the body to 60 cm, and weight ranging between 30 32 kilograms.

C. Coker Spanish Cocker Spaniel

Is one of the most popular types of Alispaniel, as that of the smallest breeds of dogs bring fishing. It is also a good house dog, is quite popular with its multiple colors, such as Black Gold, red, blue, dark brown patches of local gray and white. Fur and silky texture, and needs to be careful, and that you need to clean the ears permanently. And up to 40 cm tall, and weighs about 14 kg.

D. Springer Spaniel (Springer) Spanish Springer Spaniel

More dogs Alecoqr Spanish, and know his skill to bring high-fishing. Due to the history of this strain is nearly 180 years. Height of up to 50 cm, and weighs about 23 kg; and light brown with white, or black with white, or tricolor.

E. Seter English English Setter

This dates back to 200 years, and currently maintained by the display or for companionship than for work. Fur and a long few spikes, and is white with black spots, and may be in the color of lemon and dotted in brown, in color or black or white or sepia. Height of up to 68 cm, and weighing up to 30 kg.

And. Irish Setter Irish Seter

Seter also called the Red Red Setter, and to the richness of mahogany color, which may be decorated with a white star on the chest. Is no longer used to bring fishing. And a height of 70 cm, and weighing up to 32 kg.

5. Utility dogs Utility Dogs

Is a group of dogs with multiple uses, including many strains, including:

A. Alboudl Poodle

Is the most popular breeds of dogs benefit, and his name is derived from the German word Puddeln, meaning "to play and back splash in the water," so that this strain were intended to bring the fishing which is located in the water. It has the rough fur of a dog multiple colors, such as brown, black, white, and silver, blue and peach.

The strain appeared small volume for the first time in the year 1895, and no more than a height of 38 cm. And the latest strains of this type originated in the fifties of this century, and no more than a height of 28 cm.

Thick hair and it does not sheds, which does not vary by class, but it needs to be combed regularly to maintain appearance. Dogs and the supply of this type shave her hair in the form of lion’s mane of hair. The shaving such place in the past mainly to protect the dog from the cold water, which may be exposed to during his movement ever.

B. Lhasa Apso Lhasa Apso

Also called dog Tibet Tibetan Apso, a good dog control, has long coarse fur; of color often either a golden-colored honey. A small dog-sized, no more than 28 cm height.

C. Shih Tzu Chi Tzu

This strain originated in the Far East, and was closely related to a dog of Tibet. Have reached this strain to Europe in the thirties of this century, but did not gain popularity only in the fifties. This dog is characterized by Pferaih thick, coarse, long hair, which is descending on the eyes and makes the dog appear larger than its real size, while it is small weighing about 7 kg.

D. Chow Chow Chow Chow

This strain originated mainly in China, where they raised for their fur and meat. Also used for hunting and guard dragging skis on the ice. Characterized by thick fur is usually red, and may be black or blue, and the hallmark of this dog is a black tongue. And the least height of the dogs of this strain 45 cm, and weighs about 28 kg.

6. Toy dogs Toy Dogs

As can be seen from its name, the dogs of this small group, which includes a set of marquee names such as Yorkshire Terrier, knight of King Charles of Spain, and Chi Hua Hua, bikini and others.

These strains suitable for owners of modern life, leisure, and small spaces and modern apartment, as well as villas with extensive gardens. Most members of this group can adapt easily, on the lack of movement in the limited space.

A. Yorkshire Terrier Yorkshire Terrier

Keep these dogs in the mines of the territory of Yorkshire for more than 50 years to catch mice, and was greater than it is now, and her hair is shorter, and weigh about 3 kg. When used in the show and beauty contests should be up her hair to the ground, which requires intensive care and sweep Alttmir daily. Following the end of the hair cutting competitions to become easier to control it.

B. Spanish knight of King Charles Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

One of the largest toy dogs, and was beloved of King Charles II of England named after him. A dog with a likable tempers calm. It may be the color black or brown or dark red, or three-color; hair and long silky texture. And weighing up to about 8 kg. There are also white in color which is brown patches have hybridization Duke and Duchess of Marlaud in Blenheim Palace, where he was the name of this palace on the new color for this dog.

C. Chi Hua Hua Chi Hua Hua

This dog originated in Mexico, has been included on two different lineage: the soft-haired, a genuine long hair, and two strains can be born in a carry one. This dog and weighs about 2 kg, with multiple colors.

D. Bikini Pekinese

This type of dogs in the offices of an ancient Chinese emperors and taken to England in 1860, which gave to Queen Victoria. These dogs are characterized by long thick hair take any color, and weight up to 5.5 kg. It is famous for her love for dogs to demonstrate.

E. Albomirenyan Pomeranians

The strain of origin of these dogs is greater than the current strain, weighing up to 14 kg, but the hybrids with smaller individuals led to the emergence of individuals and weighs less than 5.3 kg, which prevailed until now. There are of this strain twelve different colors, but the most common orange or black Alvahm
Grew up in Germany and used primarily for grazing livestock and guard against predators. It is now used sniffer dogs to guard. It is easy training. Fur is often white, black markings distinct. The altitude of up to 70 cm, and is one of the breeds heavy weight, has been stalled weight of about 40 50 kg on average.

References

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